PGMA's Departure Statement on Her Visits to China and India
October 2, 2007

Today, we leave for Shanghai on the first leg of a two-nation swing that will take us to China and India, two of the fastest growing countries in the region and in the world. Our visits underscore our country’s continuing commitment to be regionally and globally engaged, politically, economically and diplomatically.

While in China, I will have bilateral meetings with President Hu Jintao, under whose leadership our overall relations have grown to become more confident, mature and comprehensive, punctuated with substantial and important projects aimed at deepening exchanges in a number of areas, including trade and investment. China is currently our third largest trading partner with whom we have had a substantial trade surplus since 2002 and our Framework Agreement on Expanding and Deepening Bilateral Economic and Trade Cooperation is expected to further enhance bilateral merchandise trade with China.

While in Shanghai, I shall also have the opportunity to keynote the Philippine Business and Investment Forum, organized by the Council for the Promotion of International Trade and the Shanghai Overseas Chinese Chamber of Commerce.

We will join President Hu in the opening ceremonies of the Special Olympics. Philippine participation in this year's Special Olympics is organized and coordinated by the Special Olympics Philippines headed by its current President Mariano Ong Inductivo.

The Philippine delegation this year will be the largest so far and will include 52 athletes who will participate in nine events: basketball, football, badminton, gymnastics, power lifting, athletics, aquatics, table tennis, and bocce.

Afterwards, I shall speak at the Global Policy Summit on the Well-being of People with Intellectual Disabilities, a gathering of leaders from government, academia, health care, disability; business, philantrophy, sports, to discuss challenges and opportunities for full inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities.

Following the inauguration of the Filipino joint venture at the container terminal in Shandong, we will be flying to India on a State Visit. We look forward to meeting with President Pratibha Patil, the first female President of India, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, their party Chairperson Sonia Gandhi and other Indian political leaders.

India currently supplies our huge demand for half-priced medicine. It is the pioneer in Business Process Outsourcing, the fastest rising industry in the Philippines.

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PGMA's Speech during a Meeting with the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII)
The Ballroom, The Taj Mahal Palace & Towers Mumbai, Republic of India
October 4, 2007

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PGMA’s Speech during the Business Forum with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) and Confederation of Indian Industries (CII)
Ballroom, The Oberoi Hotel New Delhi, Republic of India
October 5, 2007

Thank you very much, Secretary Favila, for your introduction. Thank you for cutting your speech shorter so we can have lunch sooner.

Secretary Romulo and the other Cabinet members from the Philippines whom I will be introducing in the course of my remarks; Mr. Dutt of ASSOCHAM; Mr. Bhargava of CII; Mr. Jalan of FICCI; Minister Raju who has been escorting me throughout my trip here in New Delhi; Ambassador Mitter, Indian Ambassador to the Philippines; Ambassador Berner, Philippine Ambassador to India; our legislators and local government officials from the Philippines whom I will also introduce in the course of my remarks; distinguished members from the Indian and the Philippine business community; ladies and gentlemen.

We are very thankful to FICCI, ASSOCHAM and CII for the chance to be together today, at a time when India has become one of the world’s top economies, and at a time when the Philippine economy has reached a new level of maturity and stability.

We cannot highlight enough the great strides that India has accomplished in recent years. Your impressive growth, largely fueled by a knowledge economy, is unique and worthy of emulation. It has made you the world’s fourth largest economy.

There are political, economic and strategic implications for India and our East Asian region as a result of your newfound economic power. As India becomes a true political and economic giant, your obligations to your neighbors also increase, separate from your obligations to your own citizens. These are big responsibilities which we look forward to as being accommodated in our bilateral relations with each other.

This morning, we had a very fruitful meeting with Prime Minister Singh and the Indian cabinet. We signed nine bilateral agreements. These agreements struck between India and the Philippines are going to create a lot of integration between our economies and our political systems. Let me talk about some of them.

First, we signed a framework of Philippines-India bilateral relations and an accompanying agreement to establish the joint commission to monitor this bilateral cooperation agreements. These two agreements identify priorities, set directions and lead India-Philippine relations to a new era in various areas of cooperation such as defense and security -- which is why your Minister of Defense is my minister in attendance for this trip -- health and medicine, trade and investments, energy including renewable energy, agriculture, tourism and culture, also credit.

So, the third agreement we signed, in fact, was a 50 million-dollar credit line from the export and import Bank of India. We thank India for this accommodation. We hope this can finance transactions that will correct the lopsided nature of our trade which is right now very much in favor of India.

With India now one of the world’s top economies with a new middle-class of three hundred million people, your internal market demand and domestic consumption can have a direct and positive impact on us in terms of balance of trade, investment and job creation. And this is what I hope this Eximbank credit line will finance.

Most of the Philippine exports to India are industrial inputs like electronics, phosphoric acid and newsprint. But with India’s three hundred million new middle-class we should do more trade in consumer products like fashion garments and fashion furniture for which we are famous and which we have been exporting to other countries.

Also, I have been hearing from Indian businessmen yesterday and today about your need and your massive infrastructure program, and we have very good construction companies that have done construction all over the world. And I think the next business mission to India -- I was telling Secretary Favila -- should be a mission of Philippine construction companies.

Yesterday noon at the meeting with the business community of Mumbai, I told the Indian audience that the current surge of investments in the Philippines has been anchored by billion-dollar plus investments in our country of several major international companies from other countries like America’s Texas Instruments and AES, Korea’s Hanjin and Japan’s Marubeni. But in the afternoon, after the business seminar, global steel of Mittal joined our billion-dollar club. They informed us of their plans to set up an integrated steel plant in Southern Philippines involving investments of 1.6 billion dollars.

In BPO, we had credence analytics signed a joint venture with the Philippine company headed by Mr. Jaime Gonzales, who is sitting right here in front of us. And afterwards in the private meetings, WNS informed us of their plan to set up in the Philippines while Sutherland, who is already in the Philippines, informed us of its plans to double its knowledge-based employment including in the province of Camarines Sur headed by the governor here, Governor Lray Villafuerte.

These developments indicate that indeed the Philippines offers among the best values for Indian investment today. We offer a strategic location in a fast-growing region, our workforce is well-educated, productive and english-speaking. And I’m sure India appreciates that kind of a workforce.

This is an advantage not only for investments in BPO but also as a film location site for the Indian movie industry, the largest movie industry in the world. The Philippines is not only advantageous but a premier choice for film shooting because of its white sand beaches, enigmatic and mysterious rain forests, historical heritage sites, and crystalline scapes like lahar and sand dunes which can be used as a setting for futuristic movies. The Philippines is a fountain of creative and service talent. We’ve been good in animation, for instance. And we have the production equipment, post- production houses and studios, sound stages and other technical and logistics requirements.

When we explained this after our larger seminar to members of Bollywood yesterday, they agreed to visit the Philippines before the end of the year to indeed look at our possible film locations. But the famous producer Aditya Raj Kapoor decided right there and then that he’s going to film a movie in the Philippines.

Our white sand beaches combine with the beautiful smiles of our people to make tourism one of our growth sectors. Yesterday, Taj resorts agreed to go to the Philippines to look at possible investment sites. And our Secretary of Tourism, Ace Durano -- who is here with us today -- I am sure shall also invite the Oberoi group to look at the Philippines for their next project.

A possible area of agricultural partnership and cooperation is in the sector of dairy and livestock meat products. The Philippines imports more than 1.7 million metric tons of milk and cream products, as well as more than 50,000 metric tons of carabao beef meat. In fact, we import 99 percent of our milk requirements. The Indian milk industry is the biggest milk industry in the world. So we have a good symbiotic relationship there.

And we are happy to note that the ministry of agriculture’s animal husbandry division says they have no problem with our securing livestock strength... With our securing genetic materials to strengthen Philippine livestock. Among the business community we are looking for partnerships in livestock technology involving artificial insemination, grow-out farms and meat processing operations. The Philippines is foot-and-mouth disease free and bird flu free. That is why we can supply both our growing demand and that of our neighbors in Asia. And it will be good, a good and profitable idea for Indian businessmen in the dairy and livestock industry to produce in the Philippines for the markets around us.

On energy, we likewise invite Indian corporations to participate in the privatization of our national power assets. Yesterday, Kalpataru power transmission said they would join the bid for the December privatization of our national transmission grid.

The Philippines-India joint declaration for cooperation to combat international terrorism was also signed this morning. Indeed, terrorism is an international blight. And I was telling our cabinet-in-attendance that if we are to fight terrorism together we must strengthen our defense cooperation.

Last year, we signed a defense cooperation agreement but that should be carried out and implemented. What we have a security dialogue, we had it once but we should have it annually. We have some intelligence exchanged but it should be more intensive. And we should exchange military personnel and students. You have your defense college in India and we have our defense college in the Philippines. And we should have also joint military exercises in non-combat activities like disaster response, humanitarian actions and peacekeeping activities because both India and the Philippines are very active in U.N. peacekeeping missions.

Another agreement that we signed was in the field of health and medicines. We are committed to consolidating the gains in our new revenue in the Philippines by making long overdue investments in human, not just physical infrastructure. And this includes not just billions of pesos in new bridges, roads and ports but also billions in education, trading and health care to upgrade our competitiveness and alleviate poverty.

Our massive health care spending includes a major program to import pharmaceuticals from India as part of our program to cut in half the price of medicines commonly bought by the poor. That is why, one of the agreements signed earlier today was an agreement between the Philippine International Trading Corporation and the Indian State Trading Corporation for yet another 35 million dollars worth of affordable medicines. But we encourage private drugstore owners and local governments to do business with Indian corporations which is why we invited local government officials to join us in this trip to India. I’ve already introduced the governor of Camarines Sur who is getting an investment from Sutherland. Let me introduce the two other local government representatives: we have Mayor Villanueva of Bais City and Mayor Navarro of the town of Laak in Mindanao. And as I said also yesterday in Mumbai, two Indian pharmaceuticals signed agreements with the Philippine private sector.

Our delegation to this state visit also includes members of the Philippine congress, and let me introduce them: we have Deputy Speaker Girlie Villarosa; Congresswoman Naida Angping; Congressman Ferj Biron; Congresswoman Garin and Congressman Zialcita. Oh! And before I forget, I keep thinking of him as a congressman but he’s the city mayor, the mayor of one of our big cities in Metro Manila, Mayor Sherwin Gatchalian.

I take this opportunity to thank our legislators for their enthusiasm in pushing for legislation that would make medicines in the Philippines more affordable, just like in India. Three days ago, the Philippine senate passed the senate version of the bill on second reading. When combined with the version of the house of representatives this bill will be a major milestone in our administration’s efforts to promote better health for our people. It will provide the legal framework to allow the production of cheaper medicines in the Philippines instead of just importing them. And to our legislators, because the two versions of the bill will have to go to a bicameral conference committee for reconciliation, perhaps, we should listen to the recommendation of our friend, Mr. Bhargava that the food and drug agency of the Philippines should already approve the registration of medicines if they have been approved by the FDA of the United States.

We are sharing the matter of the legislation for affordable medicines being produced in the Philippines with you because it’s good news for us. But I hope it will also be good news for the Indian business community. We want it to be good news for you. And how to do that is by encouraging your pharmaceutical companies to set up production facilities in the Philippines so that you can keep your Philippine market. You can even use it as a base to export to other markets in the far east which are very, very far from India.

Another agreement signed this morning, it was a memorandum of agreement on enhanced cooperation in the field of renewable energy. We are developing a biofuels industry that helps our energy independence, create jobs and keeps our nation clean for future generations. Yesterday, Praj industries informed us in fact that they are ready to roll out their Philippine bio-ethanol plant soon in a few months. We also want to explore joint ventures between Philippine and Indian institutions to produce biofuel from sweet sorghum and jatropha. When I mention sweet sorghum, I cannot help but acknowledge our Filipino Expat who is developing sweet sorghum in Hayderabad, our former secretary of agriculture William Dar.

Our eight agreement this morning was a memorandum of cooperation between the foreign service institutes of the Philippines and India.

And also a memorandum of agreement on the waiver of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic passports and official passports. But I think what’s more important to you, the Indian business community, is that unilaterally in the Philippines, we have liberalized our visa policy towards Indian nationals. We had an anachronistic policy up to two weeks ago considering Indians as restricted nationals. How illogical to restrict nationals of the fourth largest economy when we should be courting you instead. And so we have done that.

I will ask our Secretary of the Press, Secretary Toting Bunye, who is here, to propagate this so that more Indian businessmen and Indian individuals will come and visit the Philippines.

I will also ask Secretary Reyes of our Department of Energy to follow through on our renewable energy activities with India and our Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary Arthur Yap to do all those things he wants to do with regard to sorghum, livestock and dairy.

The Philippines is on a path to permanent economic growth and stability. Six years ago, no one thought we could get more revenues, cut down on tax cheats, strengthen the peso, move the stock market, pre-pay our debts and raise employment, but we have. Our credit has become good and we feel we can be and we want to be a worthy business partner of India.

We want to be a business partner of your great nation because we are bullish on India and on your ability to help drive positive change in the world. And because your growth has been knowledge-based, we have a unique opportunity in the Philippines to learn from you and create the same path to development. So as we learn from you, give us the chance to do business with you as well. I hope this day will be the start of a stronger economic integration between India and the Philippines.

Thank you.

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PGMA's Speech during the State Banquet hosted by H.E. President Pratibha Devisingh Patil of the Republic of the Republic of India
Ashoka Hall, Rashtrapati Bhavan New Delhi, Republic of India
October 5, 2007

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen.

Your Excellency, first of all, allow us to congratulate you on your election as the first female president of India.

And thank you for inviting me to make this state visit almost immediately after Your Excellency assumed office.

Thank you for reminding us on my father’s visit in India in 1961 when he was vice president. At that time, relations were defined by the cold war.

Today as we visit you, relations are defined by globalization, and India has become an undeniable force behind global economic growth.

Your impressive growth, largely fueled a knowledge economy, has made you the world’s fourth largest economy. Our country emulates your path to development.

As you have said, our economy has reached a new level of maturity and stability with some of the strongest macroeconomic fundamentals in 20 years. Six years ago, no one thought we could get more revenues, cut down on tax cheats, strengthen the peso and move the stock market. And no one thought we could reduce our deficit to almost zero, pre-pay our debts and raise employment, but we have.

Today, the Philippines is on a path to permanent economic growth and stability. Investments are pouring in -- including Indian investments -- the peso is strong, our stock market has reached historic heights and we’ve created six million jobs in six years.

We are developing and promoting our Green Philippines agenda which, like India, puts emphasis on a sustainable economic model that brings economic opportunity and a concern for the environment.

As our respective economic engines drive us to modernization, we are both resolved not to do so at the expense of our environment nor on the back of the poor. On the contrary, poverty alleviation is our common overarching goal.

It is natural for the Philippines to emulate India in creating our path to development, because as you have said, Madame President, Indian civilization profoundly affected the culture of the Filipinos long before the Christian era and certainly long before the Spaniards colonized our country in the 16th century. The early relations between the Philippines and the Indian empires of Sri-Vijaya and Majapahit were not political but rather commercial and cultural.

Up to today, 25 percent of the words in our tagalog language are Sanskrit terms. Among such words are “asawa” for spouse, “diwa” for thought, “puri” for honor, “lakambini” for princess, “wika” for language and “maganda” for beautiful.

The Brahmanistic elements in ancient Filipino religion and the names of our ancestors‘ gods and also the mythological heroes were of Indian origin. The term “Bathala,” supreme god of the ancient tagalog, originated from the Sanskrit Bhattara Guru.

Many Filipino customs are of Indian origin. Among them: (1) placing a sampaguita flower garland around the neck of a visitor upon arrival as a symbol of hospitality and friendship. We experienced that when we arrived here in India; (2) or when guests throw rice on the bride and the groom after the wedding; and (3) when a childless couple goes on a pilgrimage to a holy shrine, believing that God will grant their prayer for fertility.

The sarong skirt and the turban of pre-Spanish Filipinos and the embroidered shawls of present-day Muslim women have Indian influence.

Yet beyond these links that bind us from the past, as you have said, it is our recent history that forms a deeper bond between our countries. We are two of Asia’s most flourishing democracies. Our workforces are both well- educated, productive and english-speaking. We both honor our overseas nationals for their sacrifice and dedication to their work, their family and their nation. We are both ranked the most attractive off-shoring destinations in the world. As you have said, these commonalities should serve as the platform from which we can take our relations to an even higher level.

Madame president, sixty years ago, when India gained its independence, our two countries forged a treaty of friendship. Today, sixty years later, earlier today, our two governments signed nine agreements that will set directions and lead Philippines-India relations to a new era in various areas of cooperation such as foreign affairs, defense and security, health and medicine, trade and investments, credit, energy including renewable energy, agriculture, tourism, and culture.

Indeed, we have a new age in the relationship between India and the Philippines.

So, ladies and gentlemen, please join me in a toast to the good health and continued success of Her Excellency President Patil and to the growth of India-Philippines relations.

Mabuhay!

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PGMA's Arrival Statement after an Official Visit to China and India
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) Terminal 2, Pasay City
October 06, 2007

Good evening, everyone.

I’d like to report that in our visit to China, we followed up large investment prospects coming from the fastest growing economy in the world, networked for the well-being of persons with intellectual disabilities and addressed the fate of concessional China loans for the infrastructure our country needs.

In our visit to India, we addressed urgent concerns over the situation in Myanmar and put the Philippines on the radar screen of the fourth largest economy in the world.

China’s hosting of the Special Olympics world games and the global policy summit on the well-being of persons with intellectual disabilities gave us the opportunity to network for that sector of our society. Doctor Timothy Kennedy Shriver, Chairman of Special Olympics, offered to raise foundation money to support special education for children with intellectual disabilities. We accepted his offer with a counterpart to build the school buildings to house the special education programs.

And upon the recommendation of the Philippine NGOs, who were there in the special summit and the special games, the ones concerned with intellectual disabilities, we are making the following reforms in the administration of the welfare of the disabled: we are placing the Council for the Welfare of the Disabled under the Office of the President; appointing a representative nominated by the private sector, namely, Mrs. Lovely Romulo, as chair; and appointing a person with disability, Mr. Mateo Lee, as executive director. However, the secretary of social welfare and development shall continue to oversee the council in my behalf, even though it’s already part of the Office of the President. The Chief Presidential Legal Counsel and the Presidential Management Staff shall prepare the appropriate documentation to effect these changes.

Shanghai was our first of four stops, the only stop in China. It is the Center of Commerce of China which is the fastest growing economy in the world. Shanghai has been experiencing double-digit growth for 15 years and it is home to some of the wealthiest individual businessmen in China. We are nurturing concrete investment prospects from some of them. We will make the appropriate announcements when their plans are ready for disclosure.

We believe we have further strengthened our robust ties with China by clarifying recent developments related to the massive Chinese assistance for our infrastructure program. We are grateful that China remains committed to our confident, mature and comprehensive relations. We have asked for China’s understanding on our decision not to continue the national broadband network project and they gave their understanding. The china projects oversight panel headed by Peter Favila, and which includes the private sector, should now begin working out procedures to protect the cyber education project from unnecessary controversy, so that world-class ICT would reach 4th to 6th class municipalities and least- endowed schools.

We’re disappointed that with the broadband not being continued, telecom savings of three billion pesos a year from broadband may not be forthcoming. So we reiterate our instruction to Secretary Leandro Mendoza to discuss with private telecommunication companies how government can cut its phone, fax and online expenses, so we can spend more on programs and projects. And once again, we urge the private telecommunications companies to fill the gaps in telecommunication facilities and services, especially in depressed areas. Whether government or the private sector, we must invest in digital infrastructure to link the entire country all the way to the poorest villages.

Myanmar as Burma used to be part of India. And India has become one of Asia’s most robust democracies. And so when we were in India, a lot of the discussions with the top officials was on Myanmar. We encouraged New Delhi on their urging the rulers in Yangon toward dialogue with the democratic groups in the country. We carried this message as part of the global community of persons who see tolerance, restraint and consensus-building as the indispensable first steps toward a great future for Myanmar and its people.

We believe we have increased the economic potential of our ties with India.

Our visit to Mumbai was highlighted by the commitment of Global Steel of Mittal to invest 1.6 billion dollars to build an integrated steel mill in Iligan City. Slso leading Bollywood Producer Aditya Taj Kapoor, Raj Kapoor and two other producers have decided to film a movie... Move their respective movies using the Philippines as location site. And I understand a mission will be coming this November.

We encourage the Iligan City government to provide a welcoming climate for the integrated steel mill, the way that Olongapo and Zambales governments provided a very welcoming climate for the billion-dollar Hanjin investment in Subic and the way that Angeles City and Pampanga province provided a very welcoming climate for the billion-dollar Texas Instruments investment in Clark. Hanjin and Texas instruments have reciprocated the very welcoming environment when they set up their business by providing thousands of jobs in their investment locations and we expect the steel mill will also provide about as many jobs at least or even more than Texas Instruments for the people of Iligan City and Lanao Del Norte.

Our massive spending on health care includes importing pharmaceuticals from India as part of our program to cut in half the price of medicines commonly bought by the poor. The main importer of medicines from India is the government-owned Philippine International Trading Corporation. But we wanted to stress that PITC need not be the exclusive agent. That is why we invited private drugstore owners, traders and local governments interested in acquiring affordable medicine to our state visit so that they can do business directly with Indian corporations.

When we were in India, we learned that the senate passed their version on second reading, and that the House already reported out their version of the bill. Congressman Tony Alvarez, Chairman of the House Committee on Trade and Industry, is right. We can make Botika ng Barangays or BnBs the fastest growing drugstore chain in the country by increasing by 50 percent its branch expansion fund of p98 million for 2008 to a 150 million pesos. That augmentation would increase the number of Botika outlets to be established next year to 6,000 from the planned 3,913. If this target will be met, there will be 13,514 branches by the end of 2008. The common man’s access to quality affordable medicine can only be made possible if Botika ng Barangays are spread throughout the land.

We should be putting up more of these community-owned pharmacies in anticipation of the passage of the affordable medicines bill and the participation of the private sector and local government units in the pharmaceutical trade with India. Drugs must not only be more affordable, they must be accessible. And there is no better way to guarantee the latter than by letting the people themselves own and run their own pharmacies.

The Botika ng Barangay is just one in the constellation of government dispensaries. There is the privately-owned but state-supplied Botika ng Bayan, of which there are 1,481 outlets at present. There are drugstores run by cooperatives. Some are in the military and the police commissary. Let us also clarify that the budget for Botika ng Bayan expansion, which we amended to P150 million is only a part of the total medicine purchase budget for next year. Just a part because there is PITC and PCSO, etc. And etc., only a part of the total medicine purchase budget for next year. So if we increase to 150 million, that will be an additional p52 million, that will be good for 2,000 branches.

So I’m now issuing the following directives which will accelerate the roll-out and widen the reach of this very vital health delivery mechanism:

Number one, to the extent allowed by law, the procurement service of the DBM shall sell PITC pharma products in its depots and commissaries. It shall serve as a drug central that will serve as a distribution point of cheap medicines. Henceforth, its inventory shall now include pharmaceuticals.

Number two, a variant of the Botika ng Barangay shall be set up in state universities and colleges or SUCs to be called Botika ng Pamantasan or BnP. This will allow students to buy medicines not only for themselves but for family members left at home. Ang isang batang pumapasok sa isang SUC ay maaaring utusan ng kaniyang mga magulang na bumili ng murang gamot sa kaniyang eskwelahan. By locating these BnPs (Botika ng Pamantasan) in tertiary educational institutions, we’re also educating our youth on the generic medicines, information which each can echo to his clan and community. By creating an army of generic drug converts out of the MTV generation, we’re empowering them and indirectly their families, with rights they can exercise on matters that affect the health of their loved ones.

More than that, the Botika ng Pamantasan or BnPs can serve as laboratories for business courses. They can provide employment to students who wish to work there. The viability of the Botika ng Pamantasan is secure as it has the financial backing of its host college because the host college has no business offering a commerce course if it cannot run a small enterprise. In these stores, presumably, our academics can practice what they preach. An ordinary SUC has a population bigger than an average barangay, so it has a customer base for a drugstore.

Yon ang mga bahagi sa mga hangarin natin sa pagdalaw sa Tsina at India: isulong ang payapang diyalogo sa Myanmar, pag-ibayuhin ang pagtutulungan natin sa Tsina, at mapansin tayo ng mga napakagaling na negosyante sa India, at palawakin ang abot ng abot-kayang gamot.

Kalayaan, kaunlaran at kalinga -- yon ang mga adhikain natin.

Maraming salamat sa inyong lahat.

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